This paper assesses the equity impacts of for-hire autonomous vehicles (AVs) and investigates regulatory policies that promote spatial and social equity in future autonomous mobility ecosystems. To this end, we consider a multimodal transportation network, where a ride-hailing platform operates a fleet of AVs to offer mobility-on-demand services in competition with a public transit agency that offers transit services on a transportation network. A game-theoretic model is developed to characterize the intimate interactions between the ride-hailing platform, the transit agency, and multiclass passengers with distinct income levels. An algorithm is proposed to compute the Nash equilibrium of the game and conduct an ex-post evaluation of the performance of the obtained solution. Based on the proposed framework, we evaluate the spatial and social equity in transport accessibility using the Theil index, and find that although the proliferation of for-hire AVs in the ride-hailing network improves overall accessibility, the benefits are not fairly distributed among distinct locations or population groups, implying that the deployment of AVs will enlarge the existing spatial and social inequity gaps in the transportation network if no regulatory intervention is in place. To address this concern, we investigate two regulatory policies that can improve transport equity: (a) a minimum service-level requirement on ride-hailing services, which improves the spatial equity in the transport network; (b) a subsidy on transit services by taxing ride-hailing services, which promotes the use of public transit and improves the spatial and social equity of the transport network. We show that the minimum service-level requirement entails a trade-off: as a higher minimum service level is imposed, the spatial inequity reduces, but the social inequity will be exacerbated. On the other hand ...

翻译：本文评估了网约自动驾驶车辆（AVs）的公平性影响，并研究了在未来自主移动生态系统中促进空间与社会公平的监管政策。为此，我们考虑一个多模式交通网络，其中网约车平台运营一支自动驾驶车队，提供按需出行服务，并与在交通网络上提供公共交通服务的公共交通机构形成竞争。我们建立了一个博弈论模型，以刻画网约车平台、公共交通机构以及具有不同收入水平的多类乘客之间的密切互动。提出了一种算法来计算博弈的纳什均衡，并对所得解进行事后性能评估。基于所提出的框架，我们使用泰尔指数（Theil index）评估了交通可达性中的空间与社会公平性，发现尽管网约自动驾驶车辆在网约车网络中的普及提高了整体可达性，但收益并未在不同地点或人群之间公平分配，这意味着若没有监管干预，自动驾驶车辆的部署将扩大交通网络中现有的空间与社会不公差距。为解决这一问题，我们研究了两种可改善交通公平性的监管政策：（a）对网约车服务设定最低服务水平要求，这改善了交通网络中的空间公平性；（b）通过对网约车服务征税来补贴公共交通服务，这促进了公共交通的使用，并改善了交通网络中的空间与社会公平性。我们表明，最低服务水平要求存在权衡：随着更高最低服务水平的实施，空间不公平性降低，但社会不公平性将加剧。另一方面……