Stenting is among the most common transcatheter interventions for congenital heart disease (CHD). Patient-specific computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations can predict hemodynamic outcomes of intervention scenarios but require post-operative vascular geometries that reflect stent-induced shape changes, which existing tools either model inadequately or require extensive time or manual effort to generate. We present SDFStent, a signed distance function (SDF) based mesh deformation method for virtual stenting that operates in real time, maintains mesh integrity, and preserves junction geometry. The stent is modeled as a pipe surface composed of piecewise-capsule SDFs joined by a smooth-minimum operator. Mesh vertices near the expanding SDF surface are displaced along the SDF gradient with a compactly supported fall-off function and an alpha blending mask. SDFStent was benchmarked against three existing approaches and validated on three tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) patients and three coarctation of the aorta (CoA) patients using rigid-wall steady-state CFD simulations against clinical catheterization measurements. Against a prescribed diameter of 6.0 mm, the method produced a mean stented diameter of 5.92 $\pm$ 0.08 mm in 1.5 s, over 100$\times$ faster than the best stenting-specific comparator. All output meshes were watertight and self-intersection-free. CFD-simulated post-operative pressure drops agreed with clinical measurements within 4 mmHg (mean error 2 mmHg). SDFStent produces simulation-ready post-stent models that match prescribed stent dimensions at interactive speeds, from pre-operative anatomy and catheterization data alone. The implementation is open-source and available in 3D Slicer. Its scriptable architecture enables automated generation of large synthetic cohorts for data-driven surrogate modeling.

翻译：支架植入术是先天性心脏病（CHD）最常见的经导管介入治疗之一。针对特定患者的计算流体动力学（CFD）模拟可预测介入方案的血液动力学结果，但需要反映支架所致形状变化的术后血管几何结构——现有工具要么建模不充分，要么需要大量时间或人工操作才能生成。我们提出SDFStent，一种基于有符号距离函数（SDF）的网格变形方法，用于虚拟支架植入，能够实时运行、保持网格完整性并保留分叉几何结构。支架被建模为由分段胶囊SDF通过光滑最小值算子连接而成的管状曲面。膨胀SDF表面附近的网格顶点沿SDF梯度方向位移，并采用紧支衰减函数与Alpha融合掩膜。SDFStent与三种现有方法进行了基准对比，并在三名法洛四联症（ToF）患者和三名主动脉缩窄（CoA）患者上，通过刚性壁稳态CFD模拟与临床导管测量值进行了验证。在预设直径6.0 mm条件下，该方法在1.5秒内生成平均支架直径5.92 ± 0.08 mm，速度比最佳专用支架比较器快100倍以上。所有输出网格均为水密且无自交。CFD模拟的术后压差与临床测量值的误差在4 mmHg以内（平均误差2 mmHg）。SDFStent仅需术前解剖数据与导管数据，即可在交互速度下生成符合预设支架尺寸的仿真就绪术后模型。该实现为开源代码，已集成至3D Slicer，其脚本化架构可自动生成大规模合成队列，用于数据驱动的代理建模。