Research and application have used human-AI teaming (HAT) as a new paradigm to develop AI systems. HAT recognizes that AI will function as a teammate instead of simply a tool in collaboration with humans. Effective human-AI teams need to be capable of taking advantage of the unique abilities of both humans and AI while overcoming the known challenges and limitations of each member, augmenting human capabilities, and raising joint performance beyond that of either entity. The National AI Research and Strategic Plan 2023 update has recognized that research programs focusing primarily on the independent performance of AI systems generally fail to consider the functionality that AI must provide within the context of dynamic, adaptive, and collaborative teams and calls for further research on human-AI teaming and collaboration. However, there has been debate about whether AI can work as a teammate with humans. The primary concern is that adopting the "teaming" paradigm contradicts the human-centered AI (HCAI) approach, resulting in humans losing control of AI systems. This article further analyzes the HAT paradigm and the debates. Specifically, we elaborate on our proposed conceptual framework of human-AI joint cognitive systems (HAIJCS) and apply it to represent HAT under the HCAI umbrella. We believe that HAIJCS may help adopt HAI while enabling HCAI. The implications and future work for HAIJCS are also discussed. Insights: AI has led to the emergence of a new form of human-machine relationship: human-AI teaming (HAT), a paradigmatic shift in human-AI systems; We must follow a human-centered AI (HCAI) approach when applying HAT as a new design paradigm; We propose a conceptual framework of human-AI joint cognitive systems (HAIJCS) to represent and implement HAT for developing effective human-AI teaming

翻译：研究和应用已将人机协作作为一种新范式来开发AI系统。该范式认识到，AI在与人协作时将作为队友而非简单工具发挥作用。有效的人机团队需要能够利用人类与AI各自的独特能力，同时克服已知的挑战与限制，增强人类能力，并提升联合绩效超越任何单一实体。2023年更新版《国家人工智能研究与战略计划》指出，主要关注AI系统独立性能的研究项目通常未能考虑AI在动态、适应性和协作团队中所需提供的功能，并呼吁进一步开展关于人机协作与协同的研究。然而，关于AI能否与人类作为队友合作存在争议。主要担忧在于采用"协作"范式与以人为本的AI方法相矛盾，可能导致人类失去对AI系统的控制。本文进一步分析了人机协作范式及相关争论。具体而言，我们详细阐述了提出的人机联合认知系统概念框架，并将其应用于在以人为本的AI框架下表征人机协作。我们相信，人机联合认知系统有助于在实现人机协作的同时，促进以人为本的AI。此外还讨论了该框架的影响及未来工作。启示：AI催生了人机关系的新形态——人机协作，这是人机系统的范式转变；在应用人机协作作为新设计范式时，必须遵循以人为本的AI方法；我们提出了人机联合认知系统概念框架，以表征和实现人机协作，从而开发有效的人机团队。