Fault detection and diagnosis of electrical motors are of utmost importance in ensuring the safe and reliable operation of several industrial systems. Detection and diagnosis of faults at the incipient stage allows corrective actions to be taken in order to reduce the severity of faults. The existing data-driven deep learning approaches for machine fault diagnosis rely extensively on huge amounts of labeled samples, where annotations are expensive and time-consuming. However, a major portion of unlabeled condition monitoring data is not exploited in the training process. To overcome this limitation, we propose a foundational model-based Active Learning framework that utilizes less amount of labeled samples, which are most informative and harnesses a large amount of available unlabeled data by effectively combining Active Learning and Contrastive Self-Supervised Learning techniques. It consists of a transformer network-based backbone model trained using an advanced nearest-neighbor contrastive self-supervised learning method. This approach empowers the backbone to learn improved representations of samples derived from raw, unlabeled vibration data. Subsequently, the backbone can undergo fine-tuning to address a range of downstream tasks, both within the same machines and across different machines. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology has been assessed through the fine-tuning of the backbone for multiple target tasks using three distinct machine-bearing fault datasets. The experimental evaluation demonstrates a superior performance as compared to existing state-of-the-art fault diagnosis methods with less amount of labeled data.

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