Artificial Intelligence (AI) has achieved significant advancements in technology and research with the development over several decades, and is widely used in many areas including computing vision, natural language processing, time-series analysis, speech synthesis, etc. During the age of deep learning, especially with the arise of Large Language Models, a large majority of researchers' attention is paid on pursuing new state-of-the-art (SOTA) results, resulting in ever increasing of model size and computational complexity. The needs for high computing power brings higher carbon emission and undermines research fairness by preventing small or medium-sized research institutions and companies with limited funding in participating in research. To tackle the challenges of computing resources and environmental impact of AI, Green Computing has become a hot research topic. In this survey, we give a systematic overview of the technologies used in Green Computing. We propose the framework of Green Computing and devide it into four key components: (1) Measures of Greenness, (2) Energy-Efficient AI, (3) Energy-Efficient Computing Systems and (4) AI Use Cases for Sustainability. For each components, we discuss the research progress made and the commonly used techniques to optimize the AI efficiency. We conclude that this new research direction has the potential to address the conflicts between resource constraints and AI development. We encourage more researchers to put attention on this direction and make AI more environmental friendly.

翻译：人工智能（AI）历经数十年发展，已在技术研究和应用领域取得显著进展，并广泛用于计算机视觉、自然语言处理、时间序列分析、语音合成等多个领域。在深度学习时代，尤其是大语言模型兴起后，绝大多数研究者的注意力集中在追求新的最先进（SOTA）成果上，导致模型规模和计算复杂度不断攀升。对高算力的需求带来了更高的碳排放，并因阻碍资金有限的中小型研究机构和公司参与研究而削弱了科研公平性。为应对计算资源与AI环境影响的双重挑战，绿色计算已成为热门研究方向。本综述系统梳理了绿色计算中使用的各类技术。我们提出绿色计算框架，并将其划分为四个关键组成部分：（1）绿色度量标准、（2）节能型AI、（3）节能型计算系统，以及（4）面向可持续性的AI应用案例。针对每个组成部分，我们讨论了当前的研究进展以及优化AI效率的常用技术。我们认为，这一新兴研究方向有望解决资源约束与AI发展之间的矛盾。我们鼓励更多研究者关注这一方向，推动AI更加环境友好。