Voting is a means to agree on a collective decision based on available choices (e.g., candidates), where participants agree to abide by their outcome. To improve some features of e-voting, decentralized blockchain-based solutions can be employed, where the blockchain represents a public bulletin board that in contrast to a centralized bulletin board provides extremely high availability, censorship resistance, and correct code execution. A blockchain ensures that all entities in the voting system have the same view of the actions made by others due to its immutability and append-only features. The existing remote blockchain-based boardroom voting solution called Open Voting Network (OVN) provides the privacy of votes, universal & End-to-End verifiability, and perfect ballot secrecy; however, it supports only two choices and lacks robustness enabling recovery from stalling participants. We present BBB-Voting, an equivalent blockchain-based approach for decentralized voting such as OVN, but in contrast to it, BBB-Voting supports 1-out-of-$k$ choices and provides robustness that enables recovery from stalling participants. We make a cost-optimized implementation using an Ethereum-based environment respecting Ethereum Enterprise Alliance standards, which we compare with OVN and show that our work decreases the costs for voters by 13.5% in normalized gas consumption. Finally, we show how BBB-Voting can be extended to support the number of participants limited only by the expenses paid by the authority and the computing power to obtain the tally.

翻译：投票是一种基于可用选项（如候选人）达成集体决策的方式，参与者同意遵守投票结果。为提升电子投票的某些特性，可采用去中心化的区块链方案，其中区块链充当公共公告板，相较于中心化公告板，它能提供极高的可用性、抗审查能力和正确的代码执行。由于区块链的不可篡改性和仅可追加特性，它确保投票系统中所有实体对其他实体的行为具有一致视图。现有的远程区块链董事会投票方案“开放投票网络”（OVN）提供了投票隐私、通用与端到端可验证性以及完美的选票保密性，但仅支持两个选项，且缺乏抵御参与者停滞的鲁棒性。我们提出BBB-Voting，一种与OVN等同的基于区块链的去中心化投票方法，与之不同的是，BBB-Voting支持1-of-k选项，并具备鲁棒性，能够从参与者停滞状态中恢复。我们采用符合以太坊企业联盟标准的以太坊环境，实现了一种成本优化的方案，并与OVN对比表明，我们的工作在标准化燃气消耗上为投票者降低了13.5%的成本。最后，我们展示了BBB-Voting如何扩展以支持参与者数量，仅受限于管理机构支付的费用及计票所需的计算能力。