In event-based trust management for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), vehicles that witness a road event broadcast its state, and vehicles that later witness the same event score the earlier broadcasters in feedback reports sent to a central decision unit (CDU). When the event state changes, an honest vehicle that reported the previous state receives negative feedback, as the evaluator compares an out-of-date message with the new state. This stale-witness problem is hypothesised to be a major source of unfair penalisation of honest vehicles. To address it, SAFE (Spatially-Aware Feedback Enhancement) is proposed. In SAFE, vehicles continue to record event messages after their decision and throughout the witness area, and send an updated feedback report when they leave it. SAFE was compared with the trust cascading-based emergency message dissemination model (TCEMD) in attack-free highway scenarios simulated with OMNeT++, Veins and Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO). In the single-event scenario, the negative-feedback rate in the two update rounds after the state change decreased from 53.8% to 24.7% and from 55.6% to 8.3%, and the number of distinct honest vehicles blacklisted decreased from 20 to 6. In the multi-event scenario, the negative-feedback rate remained at or below 1.3% in SAFE, compared with up to 77.6% in TCEMD, and the share of trust evaluations ending in an untrusted label decreased from 22.7% to at most 1.7%. These gains required 2.3 to 5.0 times more feedback entries. Experiments with two decision distances showed that a shorter gap between the decision and witness distances reduced stale feedback in both schemes, supporting the stale-witness hypothesis

翻译：暂无翻译