We investigate the use of 2D black-and-white textures for the visualization of categorical data and contribute a summary of texture attributes, and the results of three experiments that elicited design strategies as well as aesthetic and effectiveness measures. Black-and-white textures are useful, for instance, as a visual channel for categorical data on low-color displays, in 2D/3D print, to achieve the aesthetic of historic visualizations, or to retain the color hue channel for other visual mappings. We specifically study how to use what we call geometric and iconic textures. Geometric textures use patterns of repeated abstract geometric shapes, while iconic textures use repeated icons that may stand for data categories. We parameterized both types of textures and developed a tool for designers to create textures on simple charts by adjusting texture parameters. 30 visualization experts used our tool and designed 66 textured bar charts, pie charts, and maps. We then had 150 participants rate these designs for aesthetics. Finally, with the top-rated geometric and iconic textures, our perceptual assessment experiment with 150 participants revealed that textured charts perform about equally well as non-textured charts, and that there are some differences depending on the type of chart.

翻译：我们研究了二维黑白纹理在分类数据可视化中的应用，总结了纹理属性，并通过三项实验获得了设计策略以及美学与有效性评估结果。黑白纹理在低色彩显示器、2D/3D打印场景中具有实用价值，例如可作为分类数据的视觉通道，实现历史可视化美学效果，或将色彩色相通道保留用于其他视觉映射。我们重点研究了两种纹理形式：几何纹理与图标纹理。几何纹理采用重复的抽象几何图形模式，而图标纹理则使用可能代表数据类别的重复图标。我们对这两类纹理进行参数化处理，并开发了供设计师通过调整纹理参数在简单图表中创建纹理的工具。30位可视化专家使用该工具设计了66个带有纹理的条形图、饼图和地图。随后，我们邀请150名参与者对这些设计进行美学评分。最终，通过150名参与者的感知评估实验，我们发现：基于最高评分几何纹理与图标纹理的图表，其性能与非纹理图表基本相当，但不同图表类型间存在一定差异。