In this paper, we introduce visual query segmentation (VQS), a new paradigm of visual query localization (VQL) that aims to segment all pixel-level occurrences of an object of interest in an untrimmed video, given a visual query. Compared with existing VQL locating only the last appearance of a target using bounding boxes, VQS enables more comprehensive (i.e., all object occurrences) and precise (i.e., pixel-level masks) localization, making it more practical for real-world scenarios. To foster research on this task, we introduce VQS-4K, a large-scale benchmark dedicated to VQS. Specifically, VQS-4K consists of 4,111 videos with more than 1.3 million frames, and covers a diverse set of 222 object categories. Each video is paired with a visual query defined by a frame outside search video and its target mask, and annotated with spatial-temporal masklets corresponding to the queried target. To ensure high quality, all videos in VQS-4K are manually labeled with meticulous inspection and iterative refinement. To our best knowledge, VQS-4K is the first benchmark specifically designed for VQS. Furthermore, to stimulate future research, we present a simple yet effective method, named VQ-SAM, which extends SAM 2 by leveraging target-specific and background distractor cues from the video to progressively evolve the memory through a novel multi-stage framework with an adaptive memory generation (AMG) module for VQS, significantly improving the performance. In our experiments on VQS-4K, VQ-SAM achieves promising results and surpasses existing methods, evidencing its effectiveness. With VQS-4K and VQ-SAM, we expect to inspire more future research and applications on VQS. Our benchmark and code are released at https://github.com/VAIL-Fan/VQS.

翻译：暂无翻译