The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, projected to exceed 30 billion interconnected devices by 2030, has significantly escalated the complexity of cybersecurity challenges. This survey aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of vulnerabilities, threats, and defense mechanisms, specifically focusing on the integration of network and application layers within real-time monitoring and decision-making systems. Employing an integrative review methodology, 59 scholarly articles published between 2009 and 2024 were selected from databases such as IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, and PubMed, utilizing keywords related to IoT vulnerabilities and security attacks. Key findings identify critical threat categories, including sensor vulnerabilities, Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks, and public cloud insecurity. Conversely, the study highlights advanced defense approaches leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) for anomaly detection, Blockchain for decentralized trust, and Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) for continuous verification. This paper contributes a novel five-layer IoT model and outlines future research directions involving quantum computing and 6G networks to bolster IoT ecosystem resilience.

翻译：物联网（IoT）技术的快速普及（预计到2030年互联设备将超过300亿台）显著加剧了网络安全挑战的复杂性。本综述旨在对漏洞、威胁和防御机制进行全面分析，特别关注实时监测与决策系统中网络层和应用层的集成。采用整合性综述方法，从IEEE Xplore、ScienceDirect和PubMed等数据库中筛选了2009年至2024年间发表的59篇学术文献，关键词涉及物联网漏洞与安全攻击。关键发现识别了主要威胁类别，包括传感器漏洞、拒绝服务（DoS）攻击和公共云不安全问题。相反，研究强调了利用人工智能（AI）进行异常检测、区块链实现去中心化信任以及零信任架构（ZTA）实现持续验证等先进防御方法。本文提出了一个新颖的五层物联网模型，并概述了涉及量子计算和6G网络的未来研究方向，以增强物联网生态系统的韧性。