The optimization of open-loop shallow geothermal systems, which includes both design and operational aspects, is an important research area aimed at improving their efficiency and sustainability and the effective management of groundwater as a shallow geothermal resource. This paper investigates various approaches to address optimization problems arising from these research and implementation questions about GWHP systems. The identified optimization approaches are thoroughly analyzed based on criteria such as computational cost and applicability. Moreover, a novel classification scheme is introduced that categorizes the approaches according to the types of groundwater simulation model and the optimization algorithm used. Simulation models are divided into two types: numerical and simplified (analytical or data-driven) models, while optimization algorithms are divided into gradient-based and derivative-free algorithms. Finally, a comprehensive review of existing approaches in the literature is provided, highlighting their strengths and limitations and offering recommendations for both the use of existing approaches and the development of new, improved ones in this field.

翻译：开环浅层地热系统的优化涉及设计与运行两个方面，是提升其效率、可持续性以及地下水作为浅层地热资源有效管理的重要研究方向。本文探讨了针对地下水热泵系统研究和实施中产生的优化问题的多种方法。基于计算成本和适用性等标准，对所识别的优化方法进行了深入分析。此外，本文提出了一种新的分类方案，根据所使用的地下水模拟模型类型和优化算法对方法进行分类。模拟模型分为数值模型和简化模型（解析模型或数据驱动模型）两类，而优化算法分为基于梯度的算法和无导数算法。最后，对文献中现有方法进行了全面综述，强调了其优势与局限性，并为现有方法的应用及该领域新型改进方法的发展提供了建议。