With rising cyberattack frequency and range, Quantum Computing companies, institutions and research groups may become targets of nation-state actors, cybercriminals and hacktivists for sabotage, espionage and fiscal motivations as the Quantum computing race intensifies. Quantum applications have expanded into commercial, classical information systems and services approaching the necessity to protect their networks, software, hardware and data from digital attacks. This paper discusses the status quo of quantum computing technologies and the quantum threat associated with it. We proceed to outline threat vectors for quantum computing systems and the respective defensive measures, mitigations and best practices to defend against the rapidly evolving threat landscape. We subsequently propose recommendations on how to proactively reduce the cyberattack surface through threat intelligence and by ensuring security by design of quantum software and hardware components.

翻译：随着网络攻击频率和范围不断增加,量子计算机公司、机构和研究团体可能成为国家行为者、网络罪犯和破坏、间谍和财政动机的黑客的目标,因为量子计算竞赛正在加速。量子应用已扩大到商业、古典信息系统和服务,接近保护其网络、软件、硬件和数据免受数字攻击的必要性。本文讨论了量子计算技术的现状及其相关的量子威胁。我们着手概述量子计算系统的威胁矢量器以及相应的防御措施、缓解措施和最佳做法,以抵御迅速变化的威胁。我们随后就如何通过威胁情报和通过设计量子软件和硬件部件确保安全,主动减少网络攻击表面提出了建议。