Multiparty quantum key agreement (MQKA) enables $n \geq 3$ mutually distrustful users to establish a shared secret key through collaborative quantum protocols. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review where we argue that MQKA is best understood as a design space organized along three orthogonal but tightly coupled axes: (1) network architecture, which determines how quantum states flow between participants; (2) quantum resources, which encode the physical degrees of freedom used for implementation; and (3) security model, which defines trust assumptions about devices and infrastructure. Rather than treating MQKA as a linear sequence of isolated protocols, we develop this three-axis perspective to reveal recurrent patterns, sharp trade-offs, and unexplored design spaces. We classify MQKA protocols into structural families, map them to underlying quantum resources, and analyze how different security models shape fairness and collusion resistance. We further identify open challenges in composable security frameworks, network native integration, device-independent implementations, and propose a research roadmap toward hybrid-resource, bosonic-code-encoded, and fairness-aware MQKA suitable for the future quantum internet deployments in the post-NISQ era.

翻译：多方量子密钥协商（MQKA）使得 $n \geq 3$ 个互不信任的用户能够通过协作的量子协议建立一个共享的秘密密钥。本文提供了一份全面的综述，我们认为，MQKA 最好被理解为一个沿着三个正交但紧密耦合的轴线组织的设计空间：(1) 网络架构，它决定了量子态如何在参与者之间流动；(2) 量子资源，它编码了用于实现的物理自由度；(3) 安全模型，它定义了关于设备和基础设施的信任假设。我们并非将 MQKA 视为一系列孤立协议的线性序列，而是发展了这一三轴视角，以揭示反复出现的模式、尖锐的权衡以及未被探索的设计空间。我们将 MQKA 协议分类为结构族，将其映射到基础的量子资源，并分析了不同的安全模型如何影响公平性和抗共谋性。我们进一步指出了在可组合安全框架、网络原生集成、设备无关实现等方面存在的开放挑战，并提出了一个研究路线图，旨在实现适用于后NISQ时代未来量子互联网部署的、混合资源、玻色子编码且具备公平性意识的 MQKA。