Blockchain-based IoT systems can manage IoT devices and achieve a high level of data integrity, security, and provenance. However, incorporating the existing consensus protocols in many IoT systems limits scalability and leads to high computational cost and network latency. We propose a hierar-chical and location-aware consensus protocol for IoI-blockchain applications inspired by the original Raft protocol to address these limitations. The proposed consensus protocol generates the consensus candidate groups based on nodes' individual reputation and distance information to elect the leader in each sub-layer blockchain and uses our threshold signature scheme to reach global consensus. Experimental results show that the proposed consensus protocol is scalable for large IoT applications and significantly reduces the communication cost, network latency, and agreement time by more than 50% compared with the Raft protocol for consensus processing.

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