We introduce the Quantum Operating System (QOS), a unified system stack for managing quantum resources while mitigating their inherent limitations, namely their limited and noisy qubits, (temporal and spatial) heterogeneities, and load imbalance. QOS features the $\textit{QOS compiler}$ -- a modular and composable compiler for analyzing and optimizing quantum applications to run on small and noisy quantum devices with high performance and configurable overheads. For scalable execution of the optimized applications, we propose the $\textit{QOS runtime}$ -- an efficient quantum resource management system that multi-programs and schedules the applications across space and time while achieving high system utilization, low waiting times, and high-quality results. We evaluate QOS on real quantum devices hosted by IBM, using 7000 real quantum runs of more than 70.000 benchmark instances. We show that the QOS compiler achieves 2.6--456.5$\times$ higher quality results, while the QOS runtime further improves the quality by 1.15--9.6$\times$ and reduces the waiting times by up to 5$\times$ while sacrificing only 1--3\% of results quality (or fidelity).

翻译：我们介绍了量子操作系统（QOS），这是一个用于管理量子资源并缓解其固有局限性的统一系统栈，这些局限性包括其有限且噪声的量子比特、（时间和空间上的）异构性以及负载不均衡。QOS 的核心是 $\textit{QOS 编译器}$——一个模块化、可组合的编译器，用于分析和优化量子应用程序，使其能在小型、有噪声的量子设备上高性能且具有可配置开销地运行。为了可扩展地执行优化后的应用程序，我们提出了 $\textit{QOS 运行时}$——一个高效的量子资源管理系统，它在空间和时间上对应用程序进行多道程序设计和调度，同时实现高系统利用率、低等待时间和高质量结果。我们在 IBM 托管的真实量子设备上评估了 QOS，使用了超过 70,000 个基准测试实例的 7000 次真实量子运行。我们证明，QOS 编译器实现了 2.6--456.5$\times$ 更高质量的结果，而 QOS 运行时进一步将质量提高了 1.15--9.6$\times$，并将等待时间减少了高达 5$\times$，同时仅牺牲了 1--3\% 的结果质量（或保真度）。