We implement a method from computer sciences to address a challenge in Paleolithic archaeology: how to infer cognition differences from material culture. Archaeological material culture is linked to cognition: more complex ancient technologies are assumed to have required complex cognition. We present an application of Petri net analysis to compare Neanderthal tar production technologies and tie the results to cognitive requirements. We applied three complexity metrics, each relying on their own unique definitions of complexity, to the modelled production sequences. Based on the results, we suggest that Neanderthal working memory requirements may have been similar to human preferences regarding working memory use today. This method also enables us to distinguish the high-order cognitive functions combining traits like planning, inhibitory control, and learnings that were likely required by different ancient technological processes. The Petri net approach can contribute to our understanding of technology and cognitive evolution as it can be used on different materials and technologies, across time and species.

翻译：我们采用计算机科学领域的方法，探讨旧石器时代考古学中的一个难题：如何从物质文化中推断认知差异。考古物质文化与认知存在关联：更为复杂的古代技术被认为需要复杂的认知能力。我们展示了Petri网分析在尼安德特人焦油生产技术比较中的应用，并将结果与认知需求相关联。我们应用了三种复杂度度量指标，每种指标基于各自独特的复杂度定义，对模拟的生产流程进行分析。基于这些结果，我们认为尼安德特人的工作记忆需求可能与现代人在工作记忆使用方面的偏好相似。该方法还使我们能够区分古代不同技术过程中所需的高级认知功能，这些功能结合了规划、抑制控制和学习等特征。Petri网方法可应用于不同材料与技术，跨越时间与物种界限，有助于深化我们对技术演进与认知发展的理解。