Penetration testing refers to the process of simulating hacker attacks to evaluate the security of information systems . This study aims not only to clarify the theoretical foundations of penetration testing but also to explain and demonstrate the complete testing process, including how network system administrators may simulate attacks using various penetration testing methods. Methodologically, the paper outlines the five basic stages of a typical penetration test: intelligence gathering, vulnerability scanning, vulnerability exploitation, privilege escalation, and post-exploitation activities. In each phase, specific tools and techniques are examined in detail, along with practical guidance on their use. To enhance the practical relevance of the study, the paper also presents a real-life case study, illustrating how a complete penetration test is conducted in a real-world environment. Through this case, readers can gain insights into the detailed procedures and applied techniques, thereby deepening their understanding of the practical value of penetration testing. Finally, the paper summarizes the importance and necessity of penetration testing in securing information systems and maintaining network integrity, and it explores future trends and development directions for the field. Overall, the findings of this paper offer valuable references for both researchers and practitioners, contributing meaningfully to the improvement of penetration testing practices and the advancement of cybersecurity as a whole.

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