An important consequence of human induced climate change is the increase in extreme weather events. This study contributes to the understanding of Brazil's climate change by examining historical temperature and precipitation patterns. Extreme events of temperature and precipitation are identified using data from the Brazilian Institute of Meteorology, which includes records from 634 meteorological stations operating intermittently since 1961. Using the first 30 years (1961 to 1990) as the reference period, our results show a significant increase in warm days and a corresponding decrease in cold days over the last 30 years (1991 to 2020), in agreement with previous works. In terms of precipitation, it indicates a trend toward drier conditions in the Northeast region of Brazil, whereas the South is experiencing wetter conditions, with an increase in the number of heavy precipitation days in South and in the extremely dry periods in the Northeast. These results have been verified for consistency with several extreme climate indices measured in this study. Additionally, data from S2iD is analyzed, an official database that records natural disasters in Brazil, to estimate their impact in terms of human losses and financial costs over the past decade. Our findings indicate that drought events are the most economically costly, with multiple instances causing damages exceeding a billion USD, whereas storms have the greatest impact on people. Although it is not possible to directly attribute the natural disasters recorded in the S2iD database to the extreme weather events identified through meteorological data, discussion is done on potential implications of these events in the frequency and location of the disasters.

翻译：人为引起的气候变化的一个重要后果是极端天气事件的增加。本研究通过分析巴西的历史温度和降水模式，增进了对巴西气候变化的理解。利用巴西气象研究所的数据（包含自1961年间歇运行的634个气象站记录），识别了温度和降水的极端事件。以最初30年（1961年至1990年）作为参考期，我们的研究结果表明，在过去30年（1991年至2020年）中暖日显著增加而冷日相应减少，这与先前的研究结果一致。在降水方面，巴西东北部地区呈现干旱化趋势，而南部地区则趋于湿润，表现为南部强降水日数增加以及东北部极端干旱期增多。这些结果已通过本研究计算的多个极端气候指数验证了其一致性。此外，本研究分析了S2iD（巴西自然灾害官方记录数据库）的数据，以评估过去十年自然灾害在人员损失和经济成本方面的影响。研究结果表明，干旱事件造成的经济损失最为严重，多次事件导致损失超过10亿美元，而风暴对民众的影响最为显著。尽管无法将S2iD数据库中记录的自然灾害直接归因于通过气象数据识别的极端天气事件，但本文就这些事件对灾害发生频率和地点的潜在影响进行了讨论。