Antenna arrays have a long history of more than 100 years and have evolved closely with the development of electronic and information technologies, playing an indispensable role in wireless communications and radar. With the rapid development of electronic and information technologies, the demand for all-time, all-domain, and full-space network services has exploded, and new communication requirements have been put forward on various space/air/ground platforms. To meet the ever increasing requirements of the future sixth generation (6G) wireless communications, such as high capacity, wide coverage, low latency, and strong robustness, it is promising to employ different types of antenna arrays with various beamforming technologies in space/air/ground communication networks, bringing in advantages such as considerable antenna gains, multiplexing gains, and diversity gains. However, enabling antenna array for space/air/ground communication networks poses specific, distinctive and tricky challenges, which has aroused extensive research attention. This paper aims to overview the field of antenna array enabled space/air/ground communications and networking. The technical potentials and challenges of antenna array enabled space/air/ground communications and networking are presented first. Subsequently, the antenna array structures and designs are discussed. We then discuss various emerging technologies facilitated by antenna arrays to meet the new communication requirements of space/air/ground communication systems. Enabled by these emerging technologies, the distinct characteristics, challenges, and solutions for space communications, airborne communications, and ground communications are reviewed. Finally, we present promising directions for future research in antenna array enabled space/air/ground communications and networking.

翻译：天线阵列有着100多年的悠久历史,随着电子和信息技术的发展,在无线通信和雷达方面发挥着不可或缺的作用。随着电子和信息技术的迅速发展,对全时、全域和全空间网络服务的需求已经激增,各种空间/空/地平台提出了新的通信要求。为了满足未来第六代(6G)无线通信不断增长的需求,如高容量、广覆盖面、低渗透度和强强力,在空间/空/地通信网络中使用不同种类的天线阵列,利用各种波形技术,在空间/空/地通信网络中发挥着不可或缺的作用。随着天线增益、多倍增益和多样性增益等优势的出现,空间/空/地通信网络能够带来具体、独特和棘手的挑战。本文件旨在概述天线阵列空间/空通信和网络的功能。天线阵列的技术潜力和挑战将首先介绍空间/空/地通信和网络中各种成熟的技术,然后讨论天线阵列/空通信中新出现的技术要求和设计。我们随后讨论这些新的技术。