Evaluating human exposure to environmental hazards is crucial for identifying susceptible communities and devising targeted health policies. Standard environmental hazard exposure assessment methods have been primarily based on place of residence, an approach which neglect individuals hazard exposures due to the daily life activities and mobility outside home neighborhood. To address this limitation, this study proposes a novel mobility-based index for hazard exposure evaluation. Using large-scale and fine-grained human mobility data, we quantify the extent of population dwell time in high-environmental-hazard places in 239 U.S. counties for three major environmental hazards: air pollution, heat, and toxic sites. Subsequently we explore the extent to which human mobility extends the reach of environmental hazards and also lead to the emergence of latent exposure for populations living outside high hazard areas with relatively considerable dwell time in high hazard areas. The findings help quantify environmental hazard exposure more reliably, considering the role of human mobility and activities. The interplay of spatial clustering in high-hazard regions and human movement trends creates environmental hazard traps intensifying exposure. Poor and ethnic minority residents disproportionately face multiple types of environmental hazards, aggravating potential health impacts. This data-driven evidence supports the severity of these injustices. We also studied latent exposure arising from visits outside residents' home areas, revealing millions population having 5% to10% of daily activities occur in high-exposure zones. Despite living in perceived safe areas, human mobility could expose millions of residents to different hazards. These findings provide crucial insights for targeted policies to mitigate these severe environmental injustices

翻译：评估人类对环境危害的暴露对于识别易感群体及制定针对性健康政策至关重要。传统环境危害暴露评估方法主要基于居住地，这一方法忽视了因日常活动及居住区外流动性带来的个体危害暴露。为解决这一局限，本研究提出了一种基于流动性的新型危害暴露评估指数。利用大规模、高精度的人类流动数据，我们量化了美国239个县域人口在三种主要环境危害（空气污染、高温及有毒场所）高风险区域的停留程度。随后，我们探究人类流动性如何扩展环境危害的波及范围，并导致居住在高风险区域外的群体因在高风险区域停留较长时间而产生潜伏性暴露。研究结果有助于更可靠地量化环境危害暴露，并考虑人类流动性与活动的作用。高风险区域的空间集聚与人类移动趋势的交互作用形成了加剧暴露的环境危害陷阱。贫困与少数族裔居民不成比例地承受多种环境危害，加剧了潜在健康影响。这一数据驱动的证据支持了此类不公正现象的严重性。我们还研究了居民离开居住地活动所产生的潜伏性暴露，发现数百万人口的日常活动有5%至10%发生于高暴露区域。尽管居住在看似安全的区域，人类流动性仍可能使数百万居民暴露于不同危害中。这些发现为制定减轻此类严峻环境不公正现象的针对性政策提供了关键见解。