This research tackles the challenges of estimating Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) potential across various temporal and spatial scales, accounting for different geographical climates and urban morphology. We introduce a holistic methodology for evaluating BIPV potential, integrating 3D building footprint models with diverse meteorological data sources to account for dynamic shadow effects. The approach enables the assessment of PV potential on facades and rooftops at different levels-individual buildings, urban blocks, and cities globally. Through an analysis of 120 typical cities, we highlight the importance of 3D building forms, cityscape morphology, and geographic positioning in measuring BIPV potential at various levels. In particular, our simulation study reveals that among cities with optimal facade PV performance, the average ratio of facade PV potential to rooftop PV potential is approximately 68.2%. Additionally, approximately 17.5% of the analyzed samples demonstrate even higher facade PV potentials compared to rooftop installations. This finding underscores the strategic value of incorporating facade PV applications into urban sustainable energy systems.

翻译：本研究旨在解决在不同时空尺度上估算建筑集成光伏（BIPV）潜力所面临的挑战，并综合考虑不同地理气候和城市形态的影响。我们提出了一种评估BIPV潜力的整体方法，通过整合三维建筑足迹模型与多种气象数据源，以动态考虑阴影效应。该方法能够在不同层级——单个建筑、城市街区乃至全球城市——评估立面和屋顶的光伏潜力。通过对120个典型城市的分析，我们强调了三维建筑形态、城市景观形态以及地理位置在衡量不同层级BIPV潜力中的重要性。特别地，我们的模拟研究表明，在立面光伏性能最佳的城市中，立面光伏潜力与屋顶光伏潜力的平均比值约为68.2%。此外，约17.5%的分析样本显示其立面光伏潜力甚至高于屋顶安装。这一发现凸显了将立面光伏应用纳入城市可持续能源系统的战略价值。