Quick Merkle Database (QMDB) addresses longstanding bottlenecks in blockchain state management by integrating key-value (KV) and Merkle tree storage into a single unified architecture. QMDB delivers a significant throughput improvement over existing architectures, achieving up to 6X over the widely used RocksDB and 8X over NOMT, a leading verifiable database. Its novel append-only twig-based design enables one SSD read per state access, O(1) IOs for updates, and in-memory Merkleization on a memory footprint as small as 2.3 bytes per entry, enabling it to run on even modest consumer-grade PCs. QMDB scales seamlessly across both commodity and enterprise hardware, achieving up to 2.28 million state updates per second. This performance enables support for 1 million token transfers per second (TPS), marking QMDB as the first solution achieving such a milestone. QMDB has been benchmarked with workloads exceeding 15 billion entries (10X Ethereum's 2024 state) and has proven the capacity to scale to 280 billion entries on a single server. Furthermore, QMDB introduces historical proofs, unlocking the ability to query its blockchain's historical state at the latest block. QMDB not only meets the demands of current blockchains but also provides a robust foundation for building scalable, efficient, and verifiable decentralized applications across diverse use cases.

翻译：快速默克尔数据库（QMDB）通过将键值（KV）存储与默克尔树存储集成到一个统一的架构中，解决了区块链状态管理中长期存在的瓶颈问题。相较于现有架构，QMDB实现了显著的吞吐量提升，比广泛使用的RocksDB快达6倍，比领先的可验证数据库NOMT快达8倍。其新颖的、基于分支的仅追加设计实现了每次状态访问仅需一次SSD读取、更新的I/O复杂度为O(1)，并且能够在每个条目仅占用2.3字节内存的极小内存开销下进行内存内默克尔化，使其甚至可以在普通的消费级PC上运行。QMDB能够在商用硬件和企业级硬件上无缝扩展，实现了高达每秒228万次状态更新。这一性能使其能够支持每秒100万次代币转账（TPS），标志着QMDB成为首个实现此里程碑的解决方案。QMDB已在超过150亿条目（10倍于以太坊2024年状态）的工作负载下进行了基准测试，并证明了其在单台服务器上可扩展至2800亿条目的能力。此外，QMDB引入了历史证明，解锁了在最新区块处查询其区块链历史状态的能力。QMDB不仅满足了当前区块链的需求，还为构建跨多样化应用场景的可扩展、高效且可验证的去中心化应用程序提供了坚实的基础。