Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a ubiquitous part of society, but a key challenge exists in ensuring that humans are equipped with the required critical thinking and AI literacy skills to interact with machines effectively by understanding their capabilities and limitations. These skills are particularly important for learners to develop in the age of generative AI where AI tools can demonstrate complex knowledge and ability previously thought to be uniquely human. To activate effective human-AI partnerships in writing, this paper provides a first step toward conceptualizing the notion of critical learner interaction with AI. Using both theoretical models and empirical data, our preliminary findings suggest a general lack of Deep interaction with AI during the writing process. We believe that the outcomes can lead to better task and tool design in the future for learners to develop deep, critical thinking when interacting with AI.

翻译：人工智能（AI）已成为社会无处不在的组成部分，但关键挑战在于确保人类具备必要的批判性思维与AI素养技能，通过理解机器的能力与局限来有效与之互动。在生成式AI时代，AI工具能够展现出此前被认为仅属于人类的复杂知识与能力，因此培养学习者的这些技能尤为重要。为激发写作中有效的人机协作，本文首次尝试对学习者与AI的关键互动概念进行理论构建。通过结合理论模型与实证数据，初步研究结果表明，在写作过程中普遍缺乏与AI的深度互动。我们相信，这些成果将有助于未来优化任务与工具设计，使学习者在与AI互动时能够培养深层次的批判性思维。