Disinformation spreads among the public and in scientific discourse through the actions of individuals, organizations, and governments that distort scholarly communications, media narratives, and institutional trust. This taxonomy introduces a structured framework and specialized set of definitions to elucidate the key participants, platforms, and strategies employed in the propagation of disinformation. Enhanced comprehension of the mechanisms and pathways of scientific disinformation equips journalists and policymakers with the tools necessary to more effectively recognize and address these issues. The authors developed this taxonomy of disinformation through a multi-faceted approach, encompassing a literature review, expert review, and case study analysis. The literature review revealed a scarcity of taxonomical models amidst prevalent algorithmic detection studies. Subsequently, an expert review process refined our taxonomy through collaborative analysis of twenty-two cases of identified disinformation, categorized by their methods, motives, and impacts. Finally, we validated and fine-tuned our taxonomy through detailed case studies of twelve diverse disinformation instances, assessing the taxonomy's effectiveness in capturing the essential characteristics of each case and making necessary adjustments to ensure its relevance and accuracy in real-world applications.

翻译：虚假信息通过个人、组织和政府的行为在公众和科学论述中传播，这些行为扭曲了学术交流、媒体叙事和机构信任。本分类法引入了一个结构化框架和一套专门的定义，以阐明虚假信息传播中的关键参与者、平台和策略。增强对科学虚假信息机制和传播途径的理解，使记者和政策制定者能够掌握必要的工具，更有效地识别和应对这些问题。作者通过多方面的方法开发了这套虚假信息分类法，包括文献综述、专家评审和案例分析。文献综述揭示了在普遍的算法检测研究中，分类模型的匮乏。随后，专家评审过程通过对二十二个已识别的虚假信息案例进行协作分析，根据其方法、动机和影响进行分类，从而完善了我们的分类法。最后，我们通过对十二个不同的虚假信息实例进行详细案例研究，验证并微调了我们的分类法，评估了该分类法在捕捉每个案例基本特征方面的有效性，并进行了必要的调整，以确保其在现实应用中的相关性和准确性。