21st Century war is increasing in speed, with conventional forces combined with massed use of autonomous systems and human-machine integration. However, a significant challenge is how humans can ensure moral and legal responsibility for systems operating outside of normal temporal parameters. This chapter considers whether humans can stand outside of real time and authorise actions for autonomous systems by the prior establishment of a contract, for actions to occur in a future context particularly in faster than real time or in very slow operations where human consciousness and concentration could not remain well informed. The medical legal precdent found in 'advance care directives' suggests how the time-consuming, deliberative process required for accountability and responsibility of weapons systems may be achievable outside real time captured in an 'advance control driective' (ACD). The chapter proposes 'autonomy command' scaffolded and legitimised through the construction of ACD ahead of the deployment of autonomous systems.

翻译：21世纪的战争正加速演进，常规部队与大规模自主系统及人机融合相结合。然而，一个重大挑战在于人类如何确保对在常规时间参数之外运行的系统承担道德与法律责任。本章探讨人类是否能够超越实时限制，通过预先建立契约授权自主系统的行动，使这些行动在未来情境中（特别是超实时运行或极慢速操作中人类意识与注意力难以保持充分知情的情况下）得以实施。医学法律领域中的"预先护理指令"先例表明，武器系统问责与责任追究所需耗时且审慎的程序，或许可以通过纳入"预先控制指令"（ACD）的形式在实时之外实现。本章提出"自主指令"框架，该框架通过在自主系统部署前构建ACD来获得支撑与合法化。