We study the dynamic edge orientation problem introduced in a seminal 1999 paper by Brodal and Fagerberg: given a fully dynamic graph $G$ with arboricity bounded by $α$, maintain an orientation on $G$'s edges so every vertex has out-degree upper bounded by a function of $α$. They provided an algorithm with $O(α+ \log n)$ amortized update time that maintains an orientation with maximum out-degree $O(α)$. In the decades since, this algorithm has found widespread applications in dynamic graph algorithms. Nevertheless, it has remained a stubborn open question whether, when $α= o(\log n)$, the $O(\log n)$ upper bound can be improved. We answer this 27-year-old question in the affirmative, showing that Brodal and Fagerberg's algorithm for maintaining an out-degree $O(α)$ orientation runs in $O(α\cdot \log \log n)$ amortized update time, which is an exponentially-improved dependence on $n$. This is the first improvement on Brodal and Fagerberg's upper bound even for the $α=1$ case of dynamic forests. Our crucial technical innovation is to construct a hierarchy of dynamic graphs with a property we call near isolation. We believe that this construction may be useful for related problems.

翻译：暂无翻译