Counterfeit products cause severe harm to public safety and health by penetrating untrusted supply chains. Numerous anti-counterfeiting techniques have been proposed, among which the use of inherent, unclonable irregularities of paper surfaces has shown considerable potential as a high-performance economical solution. Prior works do not consider supply chains cohesively, either focusing on creating or improving unclonable identifiers or on securing digital records of products. This work aims to systematically unify these two separate but connected research areas by comprehensively analyzing the needs of supply chains. We construct a generalized paper-based authentication framework and identify important shortcomings and promising ideas in the existing literature. Next, we do a stage-wise security analysis of our consolidated framework by drawing inspiration from works in signal processing, cryptography, and biometric systems. Finally, we examine key representative scenarios that illustrate the range of practical and technical challenges in real-world supply chains, and we outline the best practices to guide future research.

翻译：假冒产品通过渗透不可信的供应链对公共安全与健康造成严重危害。已有多种防伪技术被提出，其中利用纸张表面固有的、不可克隆的随机纹理作为一种高性能经济解决方案展现出巨大潜力。现有研究未能系统性地整合供应链需求，要么专注于创建或改进不可克隆标识符，要么聚焦于产品数字记录的安全保障。本研究通过全面分析供应链需求，旨在系统性地统一这两个相互关联却彼此独立的研究领域。我们构建了通用化的纸张认证框架，并指出现有文献中的重要缺陷与创新思路。随后，我们借鉴信号处理、密码学和生物特征系统领域的研究成果，对整合框架进行了分阶段安全分析。最后，我们通过典型应用场景剖析现实供应链中面临的实际与技术挑战，并总结最佳实践以指导未来研究方向。