Recent advances in generative pre-trained transformer large language models have emphasised the potential risks of unfair use of artificial intelligence (AI) generated content in an academic environment and intensified efforts in searching for solutions to detect such content. The paper examines the general functionality of detection tools for artificial intelligence generated text and evaluates them based on accuracy and error type analysis. Specifically, the study seeks to answer research questions about whether existing detection tools can reliably differentiate between human-written text and ChatGPT-generated text, and whether machine translation and content obfuscation techniques affect the detection of AIgenerated text. The research covers 12 publicly available tools and two commercial systems (Turnitin and PlagiarismCheck) that are widely used in the academic setting. The researchers conclude that the available detection tools are neither accurate nor reliable and have a main bias towards classifying the output as human-written rather than detecting AIgenerated text. Furthermore, content obfuscation techniques significantly worsen the performance of tools. The study makes several significant contributions. First, it summarises up-to-date similar scientific and non-scientific efforts in the field. Second, it presents the result of one of the most comprehensive tests conducted so far, based on a rigorous research methodology, an original document set, and a broad coverage of tools. Third, it discusses the implications and drawbacks of using detection tools for AI-generated text in academic settings.

翻译：近期，生成式预训练变压器大型语言模型的进展凸显了在学术环境中不当使用人工智能生成内容的潜在风险，并加剧了对检测此类内容解决方案的探索。本文探讨了人工智能生成文本检测工具的通用功能，并基于准确性和错误类型分析对其进行了评估。具体而言，研究旨在回答以下研究问题：现有检测工具能否可靠区分人类撰写的文本与ChatGPT生成的文本，以及机器翻译和内容混淆技术是否会影响AI生成文本的检测。研究涵盖了学术环境中广泛使用的12种公开可用工具及两个商业系统（Turnitin和PlagiarismCheck）。研究人员得出结论：现有检测工具既不准确也不可靠，且存在将输出分类为人类撰写而非检测AI生成文本的主要偏差。此外，内容混淆技术显著降低了工具的性能。本研究做出了多项重要贡献。第一，它总结了该领域近期类似的科学及非科学努力。第二，它基于严谨的研究方法、原创文档集及广泛的工具覆盖，展示了迄今为止最全面的测试结果之一。第三，它讨论了在学术环境中使用AI生成文本检测工具的意义与缺陷。