We propose a hierarchical local electricity market (LEM) at the primary and secondary feeder levels in a distribution grid, to optimally coordinate and schedule distributed energy resources (DER) and provide valuable grid services like voltage control. At the primary level, we use a current injection-based model that is valid for both radial and meshed, balanced and unbalanced, multi-phase systems. The primary and secondary markets leverage the flexibility offered by DERs to optimize grid operation and maximize social welfare. Numerical simulations on an IEEE-123 bus modified to include DERs, show that the LEM successfully achieves voltage control and reduces overall network costs, while also allowing us to decompose the price and value associated with different grid services so as to accurately compensate DERs.

翻译：我们提出了一种分层本地电力市场（LEM），该市场涵盖配电网中的一级和二级馈线层级，旨在优化协调分布式能源资源（DER）的调度，并提供电压控制等有价值的电网服务。在一级层面，我们采用基于电流注入的模型，该模型适用于辐射状和网状、平衡和不平衡的多相系统。一级和二级市场利用DER提供的灵活性来优化电网运行并最大化社会福利。在修改后包含DER的IEEE-123总线系统上进行的数值仿真表明，LEM成功实现了电压控制并降低了整体网络成本，同时还能分解不同电网服务相关的价格和价值，从而对DER进行精确补偿。