Over the last years, Ethereum has evolved into a public platform that safeguards the savings of hundreds of millions of people and secures more than $650 billion in assets, placing it among the top 25 stock exchanges worldwide in market capitalization, ahead of Singapore, Mexico, and Thailand. As such, the performance and security of the Ethereum blockchain are not only of theoretical interest, but also carry significant global economic implications. At the time of writing, the Ethereum platform is collectively secured by almost one million validators highlighting its decentralized nature and underlining its economic security guarantees. However, due to this large validator set, the protocol takes around 15 minutes to finalize a block which is prohibitively slow for many real world applications. This delay is largely driven by the cost of aggregating and disseminating signatures across a validator set of this scale. Furthermore, as we show in this paper, the existing protocol that is used to aggregate and disseminate the signatures has several shortcomings that can be exploited by adversaries to shift stake proportion from honest to adversarial nodes. In this paper, we introduce Wonderboom, the first million scale aggregation protocol that can efficiently aggregate the signatures of millions of validators in a single Ethereum slot (x32 faster) while offering higher security guarantees than the state of the art protocol used in Ethereum. Furthermore, to evaluate Wonderboom, we implement the first simulation tool that can simulate such a protocol on the million scale and show that even in the worst case Wonderboom can aggregate and verify more than 2 million signatures within a single Ethereum slot.

翻译：近年来，以太坊已发展成为守护数亿人储蓄、保障超6500亿美元资产的公共平台，其市值规模位列全球证券交易所前25名，超越新加坡、墨西哥和泰国等国家市场。因此，以太坊区块链的性能与安全性不仅具有理论意义，更承载着重大的全球经济影响。截至本文撰写时，以太坊平台由近百万验证者共同维护，这既体现了其去中心化特性，也强化了其经济安全保证。然而，正是由于如此庞大的验证者集合，当前协议需要约15分钟才能完成区块最终确认，这对许多实际应用而言是难以接受的延迟。这种延迟主要源于在此规模验证者集合中聚合与传播签名所产生的开销。此外，本文指出当前用于签名聚合与传播的协议存在若干缺陷，攻击者可利用这些缺陷将权益比例从诚实节点转移至恶意节点。本文提出Wonderboom协议，这是首个能在单个以太坊时隙内高效聚合百万级验证者签名的协议（速度提升32倍），同时提供比以太坊现有最优协议更高的安全保障。为评估Wonderboom，我们开发了首个能在百万级规模模拟此类协议的仿真工具，并证明即使在最坏情况下，Wonderboom仍能在单个以太坊时隙内聚合验证超过200万个签名。