Autonomous vehicle (AV) technology is transforming the landscape of transportation bypromising safer, more efficient, and sustainable mobilitysolutions. In recent years, significant advancements in AI, machine learning, sensor fusion, and vehicle-to-everything(V2X)communicationhavepropelledthedevelopmentoffullyautonomous vehicles. This paper explores the cutting-edge technologies driving the evolution of AVs,thechallengesfacedintheirdeployment,andthepotentialsocietal,economic,and regulatory impacts. It highlights the key innovations in perception systems, decision-making algorithms, and infrastructure integration, as well as the emerging trends towards Level 4 and Level 5 autonomy. The paper also discusses future directions, including ethical considerations and the roadmap to mass adoption of autonomous mobility. Ultimately, the integrationofautonomousvehicles into globaltransportation systems is expected to revolutionize urban planning, reduce traffic accidents, and significantlyloweremissions,pavingthewayforasmarterandmoresustainablefuture.

翻译：自动驾驶（AV）技术正在重塑交通格局，有望提供更安全、高效且可持续的出行解决方案。近年来，人工智能、机器学习、传感器融合及车联网（V2X）通信等领域的重大进展推动了全自动驾驶车辆的发展。本文探讨了驱动自动驾驶演进的前沿技术、实际部署中面临的挑战，以及潜在的社会、经济与监管影响。重点分析了感知系统、决策算法及基础设施整合方面的关键创新，以及向L4和L5级自动驾驶发展的新兴趋势。本文同时展望了未来发展方向，包括伦理考量与自动驾驶大规模应用的实施路径。最终，自动驾驶车辆与全球交通系统的深度融合预计将彻底变革城市规划、降低交通事故率并显著减少排放，为构建更智能、更可持续的未来铺平道路。