Android fragmentation refers to the overwhelming diversity of Android devices and OS versions. These lead to the impossibility of testing an app on every supported device, leaving a number of compatibility bugs scattered in the community and thereby resulting in poor user experiences. To mitigate this, our fellow researchers have designed various works to automatically detect such compatibility issues. However, the current state-of-the-art tools can only be used to detect specific kinds of compatibility issues (i.e., compatibility issues caused by API signature evolution), i.e., many other essential types of compatibility issues are still unrevealed. For example, customized OS versions on real devices and semantic changes of OS could lead to serious compatibility issues, which are non-trivial to be detected statically. To this end, we propose a novel, lightweight, crowdsourced testing approach, LAZYCOW, to fill this research gap and enable the possibility of taming Android fragmentation through crowdsourced efforts. Specifically, crowdsourced testing is an emerging alternative to conventional mobile testing mechanisms that allow developers to test their products on real devices to pinpoint platform-specific issues. Experimental results on thousands of test cases on real-world Android devices show that LAZYCOW is effective in automatically identifying and verifying API-induced compatibility issues. Also, after investigating the user experience through qualitative metrics, users' satisfaction provides strong evidence that LAZYCOW is useful and welcome in practice.

翻译：安卓碎片化指安卓设备和操作系统版本的极端多样性。这导致无法在每款支持的设备上测试应用，大量兼容性漏洞散落于社区，进而引发用户体验不佳。为缓解此问题，研究人员已设计多种方法自动检测此类兼容性问题。然而，现有最先进工具仅能检测特定类型的兼容性问题（如API签名演化引发的兼容性问题），众多其他关键兼容性问题仍未被揭示。例如，真实设备的定制化操作系统版本及操作系统的语义变更可能导致严重兼容性问题，且难以通过静态分析检测。为此，我们提出新型轻量级众包测试方法LAZYCOW，以填补研究空白，实现通过众包方式应对安卓碎片化的可能。具体而言，众包测试作为传统移动测试机制的替代方案，允许开发者在真实设备上测试产品以定位平台特定问题。基于数千个真实安卓设备测试用例的实验结果表明，LAZYCOW能有效自动识别与验证API诱发的兼容性问题。同时，通过定性指标评估用户体验后，用户满意度有力证明了LAZYCOW的实用性与受欢迎程度。