Direct-to-cell (DtC) satellites serve unmodified LTE phones today from low Earth orbit, where the satellite's motion creates Doppler shifts of tens of kHz. Since large offsets such as these cannot be compensated adequately by the user equipment (UE), the satellite pre-compensates the Doppler shift of each beam, but it can do so for only one reference point in the beam. A UE elsewhere in the beam still has to compensate a residual offset; previous field studies report residuals of up to 10 kHz, beyond the $\pm$7.5 kHz that the 15 kHz subcarrier spacing can resolve. In this paper we corroborate this effect with our own detailed measurements of Starlink transmissions and further correlate ineffective handover performance to inadequate residual offset compensation. We analyze the Doppler compensation problem with detailed standard-specific simulations and propose a compensation method at the UE, based on the location of the UE with respect to the beam reference point used for the Doppler compensation and the known satellite location, that improves the efficiency of handover. With UE cell-specific pre-compensation, the neighbors are identified, read correctly and handed over to in time rather than lost to radio-link failure.

翻译：暂无翻译