Indoor high-capacity connectivity is frequently constrained by significant building penetration loss and the inherent uplink power limitations of a typical outdoor macro-cell deployment. While Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) must optimize spectrum across low-band (<1 GHz) and mid-band (1-7 GHz) frequencies, uplink performance remains disproportionately degraded due to link budget asymmetry. Neutral-host (NH) networking provides a scalable alternative by transparently offloading MNO subscribers via spectrum sharing and shared infrastructure. We present a multi-site measurement study comparing Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS)-enabled NH networks against public MNO 4G/5G macro deployments and Wi-Fi. Our results show: (i) significant building penetration loss with up to 15.5 dB in low-bands and 17.9 dB in mid-bands, resulting in a ~10 dB RSRP deficit for MNO mid-bands compared to low-bands; (ii) NH networks provide a 30 dB higher median indoor RSRP with indoor NH normalized downlink throughput matches MNO outdoor performance, while its uplink performance exceeds MNO levels in both indoor and outdoor settings; (iii) NH proximity enables superior uplink efficiency, utilizing 64-QAM for 56% of transmissions (versus <6% for MNOs) and reducing median UE transmit power by 5 dB; (iv) MNOs rely on low-band spectrum for indoor uplink transmissions, while the NH deployment maintains high-performance mid-band connectivity; and (v) NH outperforms MNOs in end-to-end throughput but trails Wi-Fi in uplink throughput and latency due to packet routing overhead to the MNO core.

翻译：室内高容量连接常受限于显著的建筑穿透损耗以及典型室外宏蜂窝部署固有的上行链路功率限制。尽管移动网络运营商（MNO）必须优化低频段（<1 GHz）与中频段（1-7 GHz）的频谱利用，但由于链路预算的不对称性，上行链路性能仍会不成比例地恶化。中立主机（NH）网络通过频谱共享与基础设施共享透明地分流MNO用户，提供了一种可扩展的替代方案。本文通过多站点实测研究，对比了基于公民宽带无线电服务（CBRS）的NH网络与公共MNO 4G/5G宏蜂窝部署及Wi-Fi的性能。研究结果表明：（i）建筑穿透损耗显著，低频段最高达15.5 dB，中频段最高达17.9 dB，导致MNO中频段参考信号接收功率（RSRP）较低频段存在约10 dB的劣势；（ii）NH网络可提供中位室内RSRP提升30 dB，其室内归一化下行吞吐量与MNO室外性能相当，而上行链路性能在室内外环境中均超越MNO水平；（iii）NH的近距离部署实现了更优的上行效率，56%的传输采用64-QAM调制（MNO不足6%），并降低用户设备（UE）中位发射功率5 dB；（iv）MNO依赖低频段进行室内上行传输，而NH部署能维持高性能的中频段连接；（v）NH在端到端吞吐量上优于MNO，但由于数据包需路由至MNO核心网产生的开销，其上行吞吐量与延迟性能仍落后于Wi-Fi。