Wastewater surveillance (WWS) has emerged as a valuable tool for public health surveillance, particularly since the COVID-19 pandemic. Its long-term utility is constrained, however, by fragmented data systems, inconsistent metadata practices, and poor interoperability. The Public Health and Environmental Surveillance Open Data Model (PHES-ODM) was developed as an open, collaborative framework to standardize WWS data and support transparent, ethical data use aligned with FAIR principles. Adopted by the Public Health Agency of Canada and adapted by the EU Sewage Sentinel System, the model is now used in over 25 countries. This paper introduces version 3 of the model, which addresses persistent barriers to interoperability and data utility. Key enhancements include new tables for public health actions, external repository linkages (e.g., GISAID, GenBank), and analytical workflow documentation, as well as support for complex relational linkages across sites, samples, measures, and populations. Tools for mapping across other data formats, including PHA4GE and the US CDC National Wastewater Surveillance System, and for supporting long and wide data formats are also introduced. We compare PHES-ODM against six other WWS data standards across 25 features. Balancing robustness with usability, PHES-ODM v3 provides a scalable, modular infrastructure adaptable to diverse WWS and environmental surveillance programs.

翻译：废水监测（WWS）已成为公共卫生监测的重要工具，尤其自COVID-19大流行以来。然而，其长期效用受限于分散的数据系统、不一致的元数据实践以及较差的互操作性。公共健康与环境监测开放数据模型（PHES-ODM）作为一项开放协作框架被开发，旨在标准化WWS数据，并支持符合FAIR原则的透明、道德的数据使用。该模型已被加拿大公共卫生署采纳，并经欧盟污水哨兵系统改编，目前已在超过25个国家应用。本文介绍了该模型的第三版，旨在解决互操作性与数据可用性的持续障碍。关键增强包括：新增公共卫生行动表格、外部存储库链接（如GISAID、GenBank）和分析工作流程文档；支持跨场所、样本、检测指标和人群的复杂关系链接。同时，还引入了与其他数据格式（包括PHA4GE和美国疾控中心国家废水监测系统）的映射工具，以及对长格式和宽格式数据的支持。我们根据25项特征将PHES-ODM与其他六种WWS数据标准进行了比较。在稳健性与可用性之间取得平衡的前提下，PHES-ODM v3提供了可扩展、模块化的基础设施，适用于多样化的WWS和环境监测项目。