Quantum devices offer a highly useful function - that is generating random numbers in a non-deterministic way since the measurement of a quantum state is not deterministic. This means that quantum devices can be constructed that generate qubits in a uniform superposition and then measure the state of those qubits. If the preparation of the qubits in a uniform superposition is unbiased, then quantum computers can be used to create high entropy, secure random numbers. Quantum annealing (QA) is a type of analog quantum computation that is a relaxed form of adiabatic quantum computation and uses quantum fluctuations in order to search for ground state solutions of a programmable Ising model. Here we present extensive experimental random number results from a D-Wave 2000Q quantum annealer, totaling over 20 billion bits of QA measurements, which is significantly larger than previous D-Wave QA random number generator studies. Current quantum annealers are susceptible to noise from environmental sources and calibration errors, and are not in general unbiased samplers. Therefore, it is of interest to quantify whether noisy quantum annealers can effectively function as an unbiased QRNG. The amount of data that was collected from the quantum annealer allows a comprehensive analysis of the random bits to be performed using the NIST SP 800-22 Rev 1a testsuite, as well as min-entropy estimates from NIST SP 800-90B. The randomness tests show that the generated random bits from the D-Wave 2000Q are biased, and not unpredictable random bit sequences. With no server-side sampling post-processing, the $1$ microsecond annealing time measurements had a min-entropy of $0.824$.

翻译：量子器件提供了一种高度有用的功能——即以非确定性方式生成随机数，因为量子态的测量并非确定性的。这意味着可以构建量子器件，在均匀叠加态中生成量子比特，然后测量这些量子比特的状态。如果量子比特在均匀叠加态中的制备是无偏的，那么量子计算机可用于创建高熵、安全的随机数。量子退火（QA）是一种模拟量子计算形式，是绝热量子计算的松弛版本，利用量子涨落来搜索可编程伊辛模型的基态解。本文展示了来自D-Wave 2000Q量子退火器的大量实验随机数结果，总计超过200亿比特的QA测量数据，这远大于先前D-Wave QA随机数生成器研究的数据量。当前的量子退火器易受环境噪声源和校准误差的影响，且通常并非无偏采样器。因此，量化有噪量子退火器能否有效作为无偏量子随机数生成器（QRNG）具有重要意义。从量子退火器收集的数据量允许利用NIST SP 800-22 Rev 1a测试套件以及NIST SP 800-90B的最小熵估计，对随机比特进行综合分析。随机性测试表明，D-Wave 2000Q生成的随机比特存在偏差，并非不可预测的随机比特序列。在没有服务器端采样后处理的情况下，1微秒退火时间测量的最小熵为0.824。