The protection of non-combatants in times of (fully) autonomous warfare raises the question of the timeliness of the international protective emblem. Incidents in the recent past indicate that it is becoming necessary to transfer the protective emblem to other dimensions of transmission and representation. (Fully) Autonomous weapon systems are often launched from a great distance to the aiming point and there may be no possibility for the operators to notice protective emblems at the point of impact. In this case, the weapon system would have to detect such protective emblems and, if necessary, disintegrate autonomously or request an abort via human-in-the-loop. In our paper, we suggest ways in which a cross-frequency protective emblem can be designed. On the one hand, the technical deployment, e.g. in the form of RADAR beacons, is considered, as well as the interpretation by methods of machine learning. With regard to the technical deployment, possibilities are considered to address different sensors and to send signals out as resiliently as possible. When considering different signals, approaches are considered as to how software can recognise the protective emblems under the influence of various boundary conditions and react to them accordingly. In particular, a distinction is made here between the recognition of actively emitted signals and passive protective signals, e.g. the recognition of wounded or surrendering persons via drone-based electro-optical and thermal cameras. Finally, methods of distribution are considered, including encryption and authentication of the received signal, and ethical aspects of possible misuse are examined.

翻译：（全）自主战争时期对非战斗人员的保护引发了关于国际保护标识时效性的问题。近期事件表明，有必要将保护标识扩展到其他传输与表征维度。（全）自主武器系统通常从距离目标点极远处发射，操作人员可能无法观察到弹着点的保护标识。在此情况下，武器系统需自主识别此类保护标识，并在必要时自主解体或通过人在回路方式请求中止攻击。本文提出跨频防护标识的设计方案：一方面考虑技术部署方案（如雷达信标形式），另一方面探讨利用机器学习方法的解译机制。针对技术部署，本文研究了如何适配不同传感器并尽可能弹性地发送信号；在考虑不同信号时，探讨了软件如何在多种边界条件下识别保护标识并做出相应响应，重点区分了主动发射信号识别与被动保护信号识别（例如通过无人机搭载光电/热成像摄像头识别伤员或投降人员）。最后，本文还探讨了信号分布方法（含加密与接收信号认证），并检验了可能滥用行为的伦理层面问题。