In the picture-word interference paradigm, participants name pictures while ignoring a written or spoken distractor word. Naming times to the pictures are slowed down by the presence of the distractor word. Various properties of the distractor modulate this slow down, for example naming times are shorter with frequent vs. infrequent distractors. Building on this line of research, the present study investigates in more detail the impact of distractor and target word properties on picture naming times. We report the results of several Bayesian meta-analyses, based on 35 datasets. The aim of the first analysis was to obtain an estimation of the size of the distractor frequency effect, and of its precision, in typical picture-word interference experiments where this variable is not manipulated. The analysis shows that a one-unit increase in log frequency results in response times to the pictures decreasing by about 4ms (95% Credible Interval: [-6, -2]). With the second and third analyses, we show that after accounting for the effect of frequency, two variables known to influence processing times in visual word processing tasks also influence picture naming times: distractor length and orthographic neighborhood. Finally, we found that distractor word frequency and target word frequency interact; the effect of distractor frequency decreases as the frequency of the target word increases. We discuss the theoretical and methodological implications of these findings, as well as the importance of obtaining high-precision estimates of experimental effects.

翻译：在图片-词语干扰范式中，被试在忽略书面或口头干扰词的同时对图片进行命名。干扰词的存在会减慢图片的命名时间。干扰词的各种属性会调节这种减慢效应，例如，相较于低频干扰词，高频干扰词对应的命名时间更短。基于这一研究路线，本研究更详细地探讨了干扰词和目标词属性对图片命名时间的影响。我们基于35个数据集报告了多项贝叶斯元分析的结果。第一项分析旨在获取典型图片-词语干扰实验（未操纵干扰词频率变量）中干扰词频率效应大小及其精确度的估计值。分析表明，对数频率每增加一个单位，图片的反应时间约减少4毫秒（95%可信区间：[-6, -2]）。通过第二和第三项分析，我们发现在控制了频率效应后，两个已知影响视觉词汇加工任务反应时间的变量——干扰词长度和正字法邻域——同样影响图片命名时间。最后，我们发现干扰词频率与目标词频率存在交互作用：干扰词频率效应随目标词频率增加而减小。我们讨论了这些发现的理论与方法学意义，以及获得高精度实验效应估计值的重要性。