This paper proposes the innovative concept of "human factors science" to characterize engineering psychology, human factors engineering, human-computer interaction, and other similar fields. Although the perspectives in these fields differ, they share a common approach: "human-centered design." In the AI era, the human-machine relationship presents a trans-era evolution to "human-AI teaming." The change has raised challenges for human factors science, compelling us to re-examine current research paradigms and agendas. Based on our previous work, this paper proposes three research paradigms: (1) human-AI joint cognitive systems: this regards an intelligent agent as a cognitive agent with a certain level of cognitive capabilities. A human-AI system can be characterized as a joint cognitive system in which humans and intelligent agents work as teammates for collaboration; (2) human-AI joint cognitive ecosystems: an intelligent ecosystem with multiple human-AI systems can be represented as a human-AI joint cognitive ecosystem. The overall performance of the ecosystem depends on optima collaboration and design across the multiple human-AI systems; (3) intelligent sociotechnical systems (iSTS): human-AI systems are design, developed, and deployed in an iSTS environment. The successful design, development, and deployment of a human-AI system within an iSTS environment depends on the synergistic optimization between the subsystems. This paper looks forward to the future research agenda of human factors science from three aspects: human-AI interaction, intelligent human-machine interface, and human-AI teaming. Analyses show that the three new research paradigms will benefit future research in human factors science. We believe the proposed research paradigms and the future research agenda will mutually promote each other, further advancing human factors science in the AI era.

翻译：本文提出“人因科学”这一创新概念，用以表征工程心理学、人因工程、人机交互等相似领域。尽管这些领域视角各异，但它们共享“以人为中心的设计”这一共同进路。在人工智能时代，人机关系呈现出跨时代演进，转向“人-人工智能协同”。这一变化对人因科学提出了挑战，迫使我们重新审视当前的研究范式与议程。基于前期工作，本文提出三种研究范式：(1)人-人工智能联合认知系统：将智能体视为具备一定认知能力的认知主体，人-人工智能系统可表征为联合认知系统，其中人类与智能体作为团队成员协作；(2)人-人工智能联合认知生态系统：包含多个人-人工智能系统的智能生态系统可理解为人-人工智能联合认知生态系统，其整体性能取决于跨多个人-人工智能系统的最优协作与设计；(3)智能社会技术系统(iSTS)：人-人工智能系统在智能社会技术系统环境中进行设计、开发与部署，其成败取决于子系统间的协同优化。本文从人-人工智能交互、智能人机界面和人-人工智能协同三个维度展望了人因科学的未来研究议程。分析表明，三种新研究范式将推动人因科学的未来研究。我们相信，所提出的研究范式与未来研究议程将相互促进，进一步推动人工智能时代的人因科学发展。