The migration to post-quantum cryptography is urgent for Internet of Things devices with 10--20 year lifespans, yet no systematic benchmarks exist for the finalised NIST standards on the most constrained 32-bit processor class. This paper presents the first isolated algorithm-level benchmarks of ML-KEM (FIPS 203) and ML-DSA (FIPS 204) on ARM Cortex-M0+, measured on the RP2040 (Raspberry Pi Pico) at 133 MHz with 264 KB SRAM. Using PQClean reference C implementations, we measure all three security levels of ML-KEM (512/768/1024) and ML-DSA (44/65/87) across key generation, encapsulation/signing, and decapsulation/verification. ML-KEM-512 completes a full key exchange in 35.7 ms with an estimated energy cost of 2.83 mJ (datasheet power model)--17x faster than a complete ECDH P-256 key agreement on the same hardware. ML-DSA signing exhibits high latency variance due to rejection sampling (coefficient of variation 66--73%, 99th-percentile up to 1,125 ms for ML-DSA-87). The M0+ incurs only a 1.8--1.9x slowdown relative to published Cortex-M4 reference C results (compiled with -O3 versus our -Os), despite lacking 64-bit multiply, DSP, and SIMD instructions--making this a conservative upper bound on the microarchitectural penalty. All code, data, and scripts are released as an open-source benchmark suite for reproducibility.

翻译：对于使用寿命长达10-20年的物联网设备而言，向后量子密码学迁移迫在眉睫，然而在最受限的32位处理器类别上，至今尚无针对最终确定的NIST标准的系统化基准测试。本文首次在ARM Cortex-M0+上，基于RP2040（树莓派Pico，主频133 MHz，264 KB SRAM）对ML-KEM（FIPS 203）和ML-DSA（FIPS 204）进行了独立的算法级基准测试。我们采用PQClean参考C语言实现，测量了ML-KEM（512/768/1024）和ML-DSA（44/65/87）在所有三个安全级别下的密钥生成、封装/签名和解封装/验证性能。ML-KEM-512可在35.7毫秒内完成完整密钥交换，预估能耗为2.83毫焦（基于数据手册功率模型）——比同一硬件上完整的ECDH P-256密钥协商快17倍。ML-DSA签名因拒绝采样而呈现高延迟变异（变异系数66%至73%，ML-DSA-87的99百分位延迟高达1,125毫秒）。尽管缺少64位乘法器、DSP和SIMD指令，M0+相较于已发表的Cortex-M4参考C结果（编译时使用-O3，而我们使用-Os）仅存在1.8至1.9倍的性能下降——这构成了微架构性能损失的保守上界。所有代码、数据和脚本均作为开源基准测试套件发布，以确保可复现性。