The migration to post-quantum cryptography is urgent for Internet of Things devices with 10-20 year lifespans, yet no systematic benchmarks exist for the finalised NIST standards on the most constrained 32-bit processor class. This paper presents the first isolated algorithm-level benchmarks of ML-KEM (FIPS 203) and ML-DSA (FIPS 204) on ARM Cortex-M0+, measured on the RP2040 (Raspberry Pi Pico) at 133 MHz with 264 KB SRAM. Using PQClean reference C implementations, we measure all three security levels of ML-KEM (512/768/1024) and ML-DSA (44/65/87) across key generation, encapsulation/signing, and decapsulation/verification. ML-KEM-512 completes a full key exchange in 35.7 ms consuming 2.83 mJ--17x faster and 94% less energy than ECDH P-256 on the same hardware. ML-DSA signing exhibits high latency variance due to rejection sampling (coefficient of variation 66-73%, 99th-percentile up to 1,125 ms for ML-DSA-87). The M0+ incurs only a 1.8-1.9x slowdown relative to published Cortex-M4 results, despite lacking 64-bit multiply, DSP, and SIMD instructions. All code, data, and scripts are released as an open-source benchmark suite for reproducibility.

翻译：向后量子密码学的迁移对于使用寿命为10-20年的物联网设备而言刻不容缓，然而，对于最受限的32位处理器类别，目前尚无针对最终版NIST标准的系统性基准测试。本文首次在ARM Cortex-M0+上对ML-KEM（FIPS 203）和ML-DSA（FIPS 204）进行了孤立的算法级基准测试，测量平台为运行于133 MHz且配备264 KB SRAM的RP2040（树莓派Pico）。利用PQClean参考C语言实现，我们测量了ML-KEM（512/768/1024）和ML-DSA（44/65/87）所有三个安全级别在密钥生成、封装/签名和解封装/验证方面的性能。ML-KEM-512完成一次完整密钥交换需35.7毫秒，消耗2.83毫焦耳——在相同硬件上比ECDH P-256快17倍且能耗降低94%。由于拒绝采样机制，ML-DSA签名表现出高延迟方差（变异系数66-73%，ML-DSA-87的99百分位延迟高达1,125毫秒）。尽管缺乏64位乘法、DSP和SIMD指令，M0+相较于已发布的Cortex-M4结果仅产生1.8-1.9倍的性能下降。所有代码、数据和脚本均已作为开源基准测试套件发布，以确保可复现性。