The structure and routing architecture design is critical for achieving low latency and high capacity in future LEO space networks (SNs). Existing studies mainly focus on topologies of space networks, but there is a lack of analysis on constellation structures, which can greatly affect network performance. In addition, some routing architectures are designed for networks with a small number of network nodes such as Iridium while they introduce significant network overhead for high-density networks (i.e., mega-constellation networks containing thousands of satellites). In this paper, we conduct the quantitatively study on the design of network structure and routing architecture in space. The high density, high dynamics, and large scale nature of emerging Space Networks (SNs) pose significant challenges, such as unstable routing paths, low network reachability, high latency, and large jitter. To alleviate the above challenges, we design the structure of space network to maximum the connectivity through wisely adjusting the inter-plane inter satellite link. We further propose Multi-Protocol Location Forwarding (MPLF), a distributed routing architecture, targeting at minimizing the propagation latency with a distributed, convergence-free routing paradigm, while keeping routing stable and maximum the path diversity. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on a customized platform \textit{Space Networking Kits} (SNK) which demonstrate that our solution can outperform existing related schemes by about 14\% reduction of propagation latency and 66\% reduction of hops-count on average, while sustaining a high path diversity with only $O(1)$ time complexity.

翻译：空间网络的结构与路由架构设计对于未来低地球轨道卫星网络实现低延迟和高容量至关重要。现有研究主要聚焦于空间网络的拓扑结构，但缺乏对星座结构（该结构会显著影响网络性能）的分析。此外，部分路由架构虽针对铱星系统等小规模节点网络设计，但在高密度网络（如包含数千颗卫星的超大型星座网络）中会引入巨大网络开销。本文对空间网络结构与路由架构设计开展量化研究。新兴空间网络的高密度、高动态与大规模特性带来路由路径不稳定、网络可达性差、高延迟与高抖动等重大挑战。为缓解上述问题，我们通过智能调整跨轨道星间链路来优化空间网络结构以最大化连通性。进一步提出分布式路由架构——多协议位置转发（MPLF），该架构采用无收敛的分布式路由范式，在保持路由稳定性的同时最大化路径分集并最小化传播延迟。基于定制化平台《空间网络工具包》（SNK）的全面实验表明，本方案相较现有方案可实现约14%的传播延迟降低与66%的平均跳数减少，同时以$O(1)$时间复杂度维持高路径分集。