Many powerful computing technologies rely on implicit and explicit data contributions from the public. This dependency suggests a potential source of leverage for the public in its relationship with technology companies: by reducing, stopping, redirecting, or otherwise manipulating data contributions, the public can reduce the effectiveness of many lucrative technologies. In this paper, we synthesize emerging research that seeks to better understand and help people action this \textit{data leverage}. Drawing on prior work in areas including machine learning, human-computer interaction, and fairness and accountability in computing, we present a framework for understanding data leverage that highlights new opportunities to change technology company behavior related to privacy, economic inequality, content moderation and other areas of societal concern. Our framework also points towards ways that policymakers can bolster data leverage as a means of changing the balance of power between the public and tech companies.

翻译：许多强大的计算机技术依靠公众的隐含和明确的数据贡献。 这种依赖性表明公众在与技术公司的关系中具有潜在的杠杆作用来源:通过减少、停止、改变方向或以其他方式操纵数据贡献,公众可以降低许多有利可图的技术的有效性。在本文中,我们综合了寻求更好地理解并帮助人们采取行动的新兴研究,从而帮助人们采取这种\ textit{data杠杆}。我们借鉴了以往在机器学习、人-计算机互动以及计算机公正和问责等领域的工作,提出了一个理解数据杠杆的框架,强调了改变技术公司与隐私、经济不平等、内容中庸和其他社会关切领域有关的行为的新机会。我们的框架还指明了决策者如何加强数据杠杆作为改变公共和技术公司之间权力平衡的手段。