Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is a powerful encryption technique that allows for computation to be performed on ciphertext without the need for decryption. FHE will thus enable privacy-preserving computation and a wide range of applications, such as secure cloud computing on sensitive medical and financial data, secure machine learning, etc. Prior research in FHE has largely concentrated on improving its speed, and great stride has been made. However, there has been a scarcity of research on addressing a major challenge of FHE computation: client-side data owners cannot verify the integrity of the calculations performed by the service and computation providers, hence cannot be assured of the correctness of computation results. This is particularly concerning when the service or computation provider may act in an untrustworthy, unreliable, or malicious manner and tampers the computational results. Prior work on ensuring FHE computational integrity has been non-universal or incurring too much overhead. We propose vFHE to add computational integrity to FHE without losing universality and without incurring high performance overheads.

翻译：全同态加密（FHE）是一种强大的加密技术，允许在不解密的情况下对密文进行计算。FHE将因此实现隐私保护计算，并支持广泛的应用场景，例如对敏感医疗和金融数据进行安全云计算、安全机器学习等。此前对FHE的研究主要集中在提升其速度方面，并已取得重大进展。然而，针对FHE计算面临的一个主要挑战——客户端数据拥有者无法验证服务或计算提供方所执行计算的完整性，因而无法确保计算结果的正确性——的研究却十分匮乏。当服务或计算提供方可能以不可信、不可靠或恶意的方式行事并篡改计算结果时，这一问题尤为令人担忧。此前确保FHE计算完整性的工作要么缺乏通用性，要么带来过高的开销。我们提出了vFHE，旨在为FHE添加计算完整性，同时不损失通用性且不引入高性能开销。