There are a number of measures of direct and indirect effects in the literature. They are suitable in some cases and unsuitable in others. We describe a case where the existing measures are unsuitable and propose new suitable ones. We also show that the new measures can partially handle unmeasured treatment-outcome confounding, and bound long-term effects by combining experimental and observational data.

翻译：文献中存在多种直接效应与间接效应的度量方法，它们在某些情况下适用，但在另一些情况下则不适用。我们描述了一种现有度量方法不适用的情况，并提出了新的适用度量方法。同时，我们证明新度量方法能够部分处理未测量的治疗-结局混杂，并通过结合实验数据与观察数据来界定长期效应。