The transition to next-generation mobile communication networks, particularly 6G, demands advanced technologies to meet the requirements for ultra-reliable, low-latency communication, massive connectivity, and intelligent applications. Reconfigurable antennas (RAs) play a crucial role in achieving these objectives by enabling dynamic adjustments to the radio frequency (RF) characteristics of antennas, such as gain, radiation pattern, impedance, and polarization. Unlike traditional fixed-position antennas, RAs can alter both their radiation patterns and positions, offering flexibility in response to varying communication environments. This paper presents a comprehensive survey and tutorial on RAs, with a focus on fluid antennas (FAs), movable antennas (MAs), pinching antennas (PAs), and reconfigurable holographic antennas (RHAs), examining their potential in next-generation mobile networks. We explore the channel modelling and estimation, performance analysis, resource allocation strategies, and their synergy with other emerging wireless technologies for each type of RA. Finally, we provide a comparative analysis of different RAs and discuss the open challenges and future research directions, offering insights and guidance for future investigations in the exciting research area.

翻译：下一代移动通信网络（特别是6G）的演进对超可靠低时延通信、大规模连接及智能化应用提出了严苛需求。可重构天线通过动态调整天线的射频特性（如增益、辐射方向图、阻抗和极化）在实现这些目标中发挥着关键作用。与传统固定位置天线不同，可重构天线既能改变辐射方向图又能调整物理位置，从而灵活适应多变的通信环境。本文对可重构天线（重点包括流体天线、可移动天线、夹捏天线及可重构全息天线）进行了全面综述与教程式阐述，系统考察了其在下一代移动网络中的应用潜力。针对每种可重构天线类型，我们探讨了信道建模与估计、性能分析、资源分配策略及其与其他新兴无线技术的协同机制。最后，我们开展了不同可重构天线的比较分析，讨论了开放性挑战与未来研究方向，为该激动人心的研究领域内的后续探索提供了见解与指导。