This paper proposes the innovative concept of "human factors science" to characterize engineering psychology, human factors engineering, human-computer interaction, and other similar fields. Although the perspectives in these fields differ, they share a common approach: "human-centered design." In the AI era, the human-machine relationship presents a trans-era evolution to "human-AI teaming." The change has raised challenges for human factors science, compelling us to re-examine current research paradigms and agendas. Based on our previous work, this paper proposes three research paradigms: (1) human-AI joint cognitive systems: this regards an intelligent agent as a cognitive agent with a certain level of cognitive capabilities. A human-AI system can be characterized as a joint cognitive system in which humans and intelligent agents work as teammates for collaboration; (2) human-AI joint cognitive ecosystems: an intelligent ecosystem with multiple human-AI systems can be represented as a human-AI joint cognitive ecosystem. The overall performance of the ecosystem depends on optima collaboration and design across the multiple human-AI systems; (3) intelligent sociotechnical systems (iSTS): human-AI systems are design, developed, and deployed in an iSTS environment. The successful design, development, and deployment of a human-AI system within an iSTS environment depends on the synergistic optimization between the subsystems. This paper looks forward to the future research agenda of human factors science from three aspects: human-AI interaction, intelligent human-machine interface, and human-AI teaming. Analyses show that the three new research paradigms will benefit future research in human factors science. We believe the proposed research paradigms and the future research agenda will mutually promote each other, further advancing human factors science in the AI era.

翻译：本文提出"人因科学"这一创新概念，用以概括工程心理学、人因工程、人机交互等相似领域。尽管这些领域视角各异，但均遵循"以人为中心的设计"这一共同方法。在人工智能时代，人机关系呈现出跨时代的演进，转向"人-AI团队协作"。这一变革对人因科学提出了挑战，迫使我们重新审视当前的研究范式与议程。基于前期工作，本文提出三种研究范式：（1）人-AI联合认知系统：将智能体视为具备一定认知能力的认知主体，人-AI系统可表征为人类与智能体作为队友协同工作的联合认知系统；（2）人-AI联合认知生态系统：包含多个人-AI系统的智能生态系统可表征为人-AI联合认知生态系统，其整体效能取决于跨多个人-AI系统的最优协作与设计；（3）智能社会技术系统（iSTS）：人-AI系统在iSTS环境中设计、开发与部署，其成功与否取决于子系统间的协同优化。本文从人-AI交互、智能人机界面、人-AI团队协作三个方面展望了人因科学的未来研究议程。分析表明，三种新研究范式将有益于人因科学的未来发展。我们相信，所提出的研究范式与未来研究议程将相互促进，进一步推动人工智能时代人因科学的进步。