Camera localization methods are mostly multi-stage pipelines relying on dedicated and complex maps that are costly to construct, store, and maintain over time. Alternatively, well-structured maps that organize scenes with compact yet expressive primitives are often readily available, providing rich structural and semantic cues that humans can interpret. However, their potential for direct camera localization remains largely unexplored due to the significant modality gap between map primitives and visual observations. This motivates a new concept for localization, which estimates camera poses by grounding query observations to map primitives. In this paper, we instantiate the concept in the context of planar primitives with PGGT, the Primitive-Grounded Geometry Transformer network. Given a single query image and a set of planar map primitives, the network is trained to predict multiple localization targets for feed-forward 6-DoF camera localization that generalizes to unseen environments. With this straightforward and scalable architecture, our method pushes the state-of-the-art localization performance on both dense surface maps and minimal layout models. The code and models are available at https://github.com/3dv-casia/PGGT-Loc

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