Mutual adaptation can enhance overall task performance in human-robot co-transportation by integrating both the robot's and the human's understanding of the environment. While human modeling helps capture humans' subjective preferences, two challenges persist: (i) the uncertainty of human preference parameters and (ii) the need to balance adaptation strategies that benefit both humans and robots. In this paper, we propose a unified framework to address these challenges and improve task performance through mutual adaptation. First, instead of relying on fixed parameters, we model a probability distribution of human choices by incorporating a range of uncertain human preference parameters. Building on this, we introduce a time-varying stubbornness measure and a coordinated planning model, which allows either the robot to lead the team's trajectory or, if a human's preferred path conflicts with the robot's plan and their stubbornness exceeds a threshold, the robot to transition to following the human. Finally, we introduce a pose optimization strategy for low-level control to mitigate the uncertain human behaviors when they are leading. To validate the framework, we design and perform a study with human feedback from twenty human participants. We then demonstrate, through simulations, the effectiveness of our models in enhancing task performance with mutual adaptation and pose optimization.

翻译：暂无翻译