Programming errors, defective hardware components (such as hard disk spindle defects), and environmental hazards can lead to invalid memory operations. In addition, less predictable forms of environmental stress, such as radiation, thermal influence, and energy fluctuations, can induce hardware faults. Sometimes, a soft error can occur instead of a complete failure, such as a bit-flip. The 'natural' factors that can cause bit-flips are replicable through targeted attacks that result in significant compromises, including full privileged system access. Existing physical defense solutions have consistently been circumvented shortly after deployment. We will explore the concept of a novel software-based low-level layer that can protect vulnerable memory targeted by physical attack vectors related to bit-flip vulnerabilities.

翻译：编程错误、硬件组件缺陷（如硬盘主轴故障）及环境危害可能导致无效的内存操作。此外，辐射、热影响和能量波动等较难预测的环境胁迫形式可能诱发硬件故障。有时，可能发生软错误而非完全失效，例如比特翻转。能够引发比特翻转的"自然"因素可通过针对性攻击进行复制，从而造成严重后果，包括获取系统的完全特权访问。现有的物理防御方案在部署后不久即被持续突破。我们将探索一种新型基于软件的底层保护层的概念，该层可保护易受与比特翻转漏洞相关的物理攻击向量攻击的内存区域。